Bishops in the Medieval Christian Church

In the Christian  Church of the Middle Ages, a bishop was the chief pastor of a diocese; that is, an area containing more than one congregation. The bishop was an ordained priest who served as pastor of one congregation and oversaw the administration of any others in his district.   Any church that served as the primary office of a bishop was considered his seat, or cathedra, and was therefore known as a cathedral. The office or rank of a bishop is known as a bishopric. Origins of the term Bishop The word Bishop derives from the Greek epà ­skopos (á ¼ Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯ÃÆ'ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š), which meant an overseer, curator or guardian.   The Duties Like any priest, a bishop baptized, performed weddings, gave last rites, settled disputes, and heard confession and absolved. In addition, bishops controlled church finances, ordained priests, assigned clergy to their posts, and dealt with any number of matters pertaining to Church business.   Types of Bishops in Medieval Times An archbishop was a bishop who oversaw several dioceses besides his own. The term metropolitan has sometimes been used for the archbishop of a city.The Pope is the bishop of Rome. The holder of this see was considered the successor to St. Peter, and the office grew in prestige and influence over the first few centuries of the Middle Ages. Before the end of the fifth century, the office was established as the foremost authority in the western Christian Church, and the  bishop of Rome  became known as the father, or papa, or pope.Patriarchs were bishops of particularly important sees in the eastern churches (which, after the Great Schism of 1054, would eventually become known as the Eastern Orthodox Church). This included the apostolic sees -- those believed to have been founded by Apostles: Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and JerusalemCardinal-bishops (now known simply as cardinals) were a privileged class as far back as the 8th century, and only those bishops who had receive d the red hat (a mark of a cardinal) could elect the pope or become pope. Secular Influence as Well as Spiritual Power Some Christian churches, including the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox, maintain that bishops are the successors of the Apostles; this is known as apostolic succession. As the Middle Ages unfolded, bishops often held secular influence as well as spiritual power thanks in part to this perception of inherited authority.   A Three-Fold Ministry by the Second Century Just exactly when bishops attained a separate identity from presbyters (elders) is unclear, but by the second century C.E, the early Christian Church had evidently established a three-fold ministry of deacons, priests, and bishops. Once the emperor Constantine professed Christianity and began to help followers of the religion, bishops grew in prestige, particularly if the city that constituted their diocese was populous and had a notable number of Christians.   Filling the Void After Collapse of the Roman Empire In the years following the collapse of the western Roman Empire (officially, in 476 C.E.), bishops often stepped in to fill the void secular leaders left behind in unstable areas and depleted cities. While theoretically church officials were supposed to limit their influence to spiritual matters, by answering the needs of society these fifth-century bishops set a precedent, and the lines between church and state would be fairly blurry throughout the rest of the medieval era. The Investiture Controversy Another development that arose out of the uncertainties of early medieval society was the proper selection and investment of clerics, especially bishops and archbishops. Because various dioceses were flung far across Christendom, and the pope was not always easily accessible, it became a fairly common practice for local secular leaders to appoint clerics to replace those who had died (or, rarely, left their offices). But by the late 11th century, the papacy found the influence this gave secular leaders in church matters opprobrious and attempted to ban it. Thus began the Investiture Controversy, a struggle lasting 45 years that, when resolved in favor of the Church, strengthened the papacy at the expense of local monarchies and gave bishops freedom from secular political authorities. The Protestant Reformation When the Protestant churches split from Rome in the Reformation  of the 16th century,  the office of the bishop was rejected by some reformers. This was due in part to the lack of any basis for the office in the New Testament, and in part to the corruption that high clerical offices had been associated with over the preceding few hundred years. Most Protestant churches today have no bishops, although some Lutheran churches in Germany, Scandinavia and the U.S. do, and the Anglican church (which after the break initiated by Henry VIII retained many aspects of Catholicism) also has bishops. Sources and Suggested Reading Eusebius. The History of the Church: From Christ to Constantine. Edited and with an introduction by Andrew Louth; translated by G. A. Williamson, Penguin Classics. John D. Zizioulas. Eucharist, Bishop, Church: The Unity of the Church in the Divine Eucharist and the Bishop During the First Three Centuries.

Essay about The Amazing Growth of Youth Sports - 2419 Words

â€Å"On your toes,† Ole yelled, at all his teammates. Ole is my ten year old son, who has been playing soccer since he was in first grade. He plays two seasons a year and we are on our tenth season. Ole has started showing leadership with his teammates this season. Oles team shows him respect, he is a very strong player that has always has his teammates backs. No matter how tired he is, he is right there to help his teammates out. When Ole started playing soccer I would have never dreamed of him taking this path. Our family was never into sports, this just fell into our laps while raising our children. Since my eyes have been opened to youth sports, I have seen my son grow with soccer. His growth is incredible every soccer season,†¦show more content†¦Wiersma and Angela M. Fifer, covers how much parents need to dedicate their time and money into supporting their children in these sports. This was a study of 55 parents that were interviewed on what the benef its and downfalls of sports were for them. Some of the downfalls can be expenses, balancing between fun and competition, injuries, and balancing a home life with the commitment of sports. Just some of the benefits in this article that were brought up were: life skills that athletes learn that will prepare them for life, affiliation with their teammates that shows them how working with people will make you a stronger individual, self-concept, and the many memories that an athlete gets with their family. Our family can spend a total of 5-10 hours a week (per kid) on practice and games. Time and money is not the only thing a parent needs to dedicate to their childs sport. They have to dedicate themselves to the emotional support that their childs team needs. It is hard to watch my son walk across the field with his head down after a loss. I have had to teach my son that as long as he gives his team 100% there is no reason for his head to hang. Losing is a part of the game, jus t as much as winning is. We have had our seasons where we had no losses and then we have had our seasons where we have no wins. This isShow MoreRelatedYouth Readiness Of Youth Sports1183 Words   |  5 PagesYouth Readiness in Youth Sports Many of the ideals attached to the picturesque image of the nuclear family have evolved considerably over time but with one exception, youth sports. Youth sports is a staple in nearly every American’s childhood as highlighted in â€Å"Children Need to Play, Not Compete† by Jessica Statsky. Statsky makes two contentions in favor of this argument. 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I have always been a personRead MoreThere s No Family Like Show Family982 Words   |  4 Pagesknown as weird, but as an outsider as I was involved in 4-H and FFA, organizations for youth in agriculture, and did things such as giving up spring break to attend a livestock show or my senior prom to compete in a meat judging co ntest, two very important events, maybe not to others, but to me. My love for agriculture began in junior high, continued through high school, and followed me into college. As a youth in the industry, I raised and showed several different animals, competed in contests thatRead MoreSports And Sports : Sports, Baseball And The Medical / Scientific Aspect Of Sports1092 Words   |  5 Pagescurrently working with the UCF athletes. His sport passions include football, baseball and the medical/scientific aspect of sports. This interviewee emphasized how sports is not only about the competition aspect but also about giving people something to connect with. 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Strategic Leadership and Decision

Strategic Leadership and Decision-Making: Ethics and Values Essay A SEMINAR PRESENTATION BY UKAOBI JESSICA CHINYERE TOPIC: STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND DECISION-MAKING: ETHICS AND VALUES APRIL, 2010 INTRODUCTION Values and ethics are central to any organization. What exactly do we mean by values and ethics? Both are extremely broad terms, and we need to focus in on the aspects most relevant for strategic leaders and decision makers. What we will first discuss is the distinctive nature of ethics; second, we will take a look at work ethics; third we will look into strategic leadership and decision making; fourth we take a closer look into the positive and negative leadership climates and how they influence work ethics; fifth we will see the essence of participative management on ethical standards in an organisation; sixth we will explore the actions strategic leaders can take to build ethical climates in their organizations; and then we will draw out some recommendations before we finally conlude. THE CHARACTER OF VALUES AND ETHICS Values are what we, as a profession, judge to be right. They are more than words-they are the moral, ethical, and professional attributes of character †¦ Values can be defined as those things that are important to or valued by someone. That someone can be an individual or, collectively, an organization. One place where values are important is in relation to vision. One of the imperatives for organizational vision is that it must be based on and consistent with the organizations core values. In one example of a vision statement well look at later, the organizations core values in this case, integrity, professionalism, caring, teamwork, and stewardship- were deemed important enough to be included with the statement of the organizations vision. When values are shared by all members of an organization, they are extraordinarily important tools for making judgments, assessing probable outcomes of contemplated actions, and choosing among alternatives. Perhaps more important, they put all members on the same sheet of music with regard to what all members as a body consider important. Values are the embodiment of what an organization stands for, and should be the basis for the behavior of its members. However, what if members of the organization do not share and have not internalized the organizations values? Obviously, a disconnect between individual and organizational values will be dysfunctional. Additionally, an organization may publish one set of values, perhaps in an effort to push forward a positive image, while the values that really guide organizational behavior are very different. When there is a disconnect between stated and operating values, it may be difficult to determine what is acceptable. For example, two of the Armys organizational values include candor and courage. One might infer that officers are encouraged to have the courage of their convictions and speak their disagreements openly. In some cases, this does work; in others it does not. The same thing works at the level of the society. The principles by which the society functions do not nece ssarily conform to the principles stated. Those in power may covertly allow the use of force to suppress debate in order to remain in power. (Death squads are an example. In some organizations, dissent may be rewarded by termination-the organizational equivalent of death squad action. In others, a group member may be ostracized or expelled. Group members quickly learn the operating values, or they dont survive for long. To the extent they differ from stated values, the organization will not only suffer from doing things less effectively, but also from the cynicism of its members, who have yet another reason for mistrusting the leadership, or doubting its wisdom. VALUES PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR JUDGMENTS ABOUT WHAT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE ORGANIZATION TO SUCCEED IN ITS CORE BUSINESS. TO BEHAVE ETHICALLY IS TO BEHAVE IN A MANNER THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH WHAT IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO BE RIGHT OR MORAL. ETHICAL BEHAVIOR IS THE BEDROCK OF MUTUAL TRUST. So how do values relate to ethics, and what do we mean by ethics? One of the keys is in the phrase we quoted above from the DA pamphlet: Values are what we, as a profession, judge to be right. Individually or organizationally, values determine what is right and what is wrong, and doing what is right or wrong is what we mean by ethics. To behave ethically is to behave in a manner consistent with what is right or moral. What does generally considered to be right mean? That is a critical question, and part of the difficulty in deciding whether or not behavior is ethical is in determining what is right or wrong. Perhaps the first place to look in determining what is right or wrong is society. Virtually every society makes some determination of morally correct behavior. Societies not only regulate the behavior of their members, but also define their societal core values. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness represent core American values. Experience often has led societies to develop beliefs about what is of value for the common good. (Note that societies differ from one another in the specifics, but not in the general principles. ) One example is the notion of reciprocity. (One good deed deserves another. ) Another is the notion of good intent. (A gentlemans word is his bond. ) Yet, a third is the notion of appreciation of merit in others regardless of personal feelings. (Give the Devil his due. ) WORK ETHICS Work ethics is a crucial factor for the motivation of workers in an organisation. It can be defined as a set of values, norms and attitudes, or standards of behaviour, which guide the workers organisational behaviour. In the same perspective, Denga (1986) defines work ethics as â€Å"ethical standards which guide the performance of group members, governs their preparation or training, and serves as legal or constitutional and ethical control. † But Iwu (1995) defined work ethics as â€Å"behavioural code of conduct which involves both the desirable and undesirable activities of workers in various occupations and associations. This definition shows that work ethics could be positive or negative. While negative work ethics which produces such behaviours as lateness to work, abandonment of duty, insubordination, truancy, disloyalty, indiscipline, absenteeism, non-conmmitment, etc is dysfunctional to organisational effectiveness. Positive work ethics which produces such lofty manifestations as punctuality, hard work, dedication to duty, selfless service, loyal ty, regularity in attendance to work, discipline, cooperation, and so on, is an indispensable condition to high roductivity. Work ethics takes its roots, and indeed is conditioned by, the culture of the society in which the work organisation is situated. Generally, a well established work group or organisation establishes a standard code of conduct suited for the organisation which is designed to guide the organisational behaviour of workers and also serve as a source of unity within the organisation. Positive work ethics serves as a source of motivation, fosters hard work and aims at high productivity which ultimately results in national developoment. Forensic Science: Proper Crime Scene Techniques. EssayThe pattern of top leaders behavior determines organizational values. This means that a leader must lead by example. A second step is to make explicit ethics policies. Ethical codes are one common example. The next step is to increase awareness of how to apply those ethical codes. Training on how to deal with situations with an ethical dimension, and how to anticipate situations that involve ethical choices, can go a long way toward ethical institutional practices. Another step to increase the salience of ethics is to expand the information system to focus on areas where ethics may come into play. Knowing what actually is going on in the organization is essential to understanding the ethical principles which govern behavior. The information system should also support ethical behavior, and allow the strategic leader to know when or where there are potential ethical breaches so that corrective action can be taken. The real danger is that when unethical behavior is unnoticed, or not punished, members will assume it is condoned by the organizations leadership. A strategic leader cannot overlook the importance of communication. Communication is a high priority. Chester Barnard, in the 1930s called attention to the fact â€Å"a common purpose must be commonly known, and to be known must in some way be communicated. With some exceptions, verbal communication between men is the method by which this is accomplished† In the 1950s, Herbert Simon, an authority in administration placed even greater emphasis in the role of communication in strategic leadership. This is what he said,†It is obvious that without communication, there can be no organisation, for there is no possibility of the group influencing the behaviour of the individual†. He concluded by saying that â€Å"only in the case where the man who is to carry out the decision is also the best man fitted to make the decision is there no problem of communication – and in this exceptional case there is, of course, no reason for organisation†. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Salaries, wages and allowances should be fixed at a level where they would be adequate enough to always motivate the workers so that the workers would always release their full energies for efficient performance of their duties. 2. The social climate of the organisation in which the workers operate should be pervaded by democratic leadership style where the dignity of the human personality is recognised. The leadership, at all levels of the organisation, should in theory and pracice perceive himself as a member of the work group rather than one who is outside the group issuing commands and orders which should be obeyed without question. Democratic leadership style should be accompanied with clinical approach to supervision, free flow of communication with emphasis on upwards communication, and participative mangement. The workers should be fully involved in the decision making process within the organisation in which they work. 3. The organisational management should establish a culture of encouraging initiative and properly recognising and rewarding special talents. Officials should be given free hand to demonstrate their competence, take bold initiative and introduce innovation. As a measure for reward of special talents and outstanding performance, organisations should establish Annual Merit Award system for rewarding, on regular annual basis, special talents and outsatnading performance recorded in a year. 4. The management of an organisation should establish viable and efficient mechanisms for inducing cooperation and positive discipline. 5. Delegation of duties is an important factor for enhancing the work ethics and tapping fully the special knowledge, skills and talents of all employees for the realisation of organisation goals. Non delegation frustrates highly talented and well experienced employees. 6. Pensions and gratuities should be paid promptly to show the serving employees that the organisation recognises services rendered by employees and they would be so treated at their own retirements. . As a follow up to the last previous recommendation, a strategic leader should have a functional reward system that will serve as a motivational tool to encourage his/her employees to behave in a particular way. This also means that there should also be penalties for any dissent behaviour that is contrary to the organisation’s ethics. For instance to encourage workers to be punctual, a leader could give monthly monetary incentives for employees that came to work before the resumption time through out the month. There could also be penalties for habitual late comers; like a slash from their salaries if they reported to work for a consecutive number of times. This will serve as a deterrent measure. However, it behoves the leader to enshrine this decision into the policies of the organisation without any shadow of ambiguity. CONCLUSION Establishing moral principles means determining the core values which should guide the organization. OBrien suggests four for consideration: localness, merit, openness, and leanness. By localness, he means adopting a philosophy of pushing power down to the lowest level possible, and encouraging initiative and autonomy. By merit, he means directing actions toward the overall goals of the organization, and what is best for all. By openness, he means being forthright and honest in all dealings. And by leanness, he means efficient use of resources and economies when possible. ULTIMATELY, THE QUEST FOR ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFORMATION MUST BEGIN WITH A PERSONAL COMMITMENT WITHIN EACH INDIVIDUAL TO PURSUE MORAL EXCELLENCE. OBRIEN Encouraging leaders to pursue their own moral development is critical at higher levels because strategic leaders set the moral climate for the organization. OBrien believes that moral development is even more important than professional development. Creating a culture based on moral excellence requires a commitment among managers to embody and develop two qualities in their leadership: virtue and wisdom. However, creating an organization characterized by moral excellence is a lengthy process. It involves changing organizational culture. REFERENCES Barnard, C. I. (1968). The Functions of the Executive, Cambridghe MA: Harvard University Press Denga, D. I. (1986), Guidance and Counselling in Schools and Non-School, Setting, Calabar, Centanir Press Iwu, I. I. (1995), Work Ethics and Productivity in Nigeria: Implications for National Development, Owerri, Ark Publishers McGregor, D. (1966). Leadership and Motivation Cambridge, M. A: MIT Press Nwachukwu, C. B (1999), Contemporary Public Administration, Owerri, Management Information System Unit Ogunna, A. E. C. (1999), Public Administration in Nigeria: Theory and Practice, Umuahia, Great Versatile Publishers Ltd. Simon, H. A. (1957). Administrative Behaviour, N. Y. : Free Press Smith, M. R (1973). I Hate To See A Manager Cry. Reading, M. A: Addison Wesley

Informal Letter free essay sample

They know each other since they were a child. They were always together in everything they did. Actually, Amy comes from a rich family but she is quite weak in her studies. Meanwhile Annie is from a poor family but really good in her studies. Therefore, they always help each other for instance Amy will help Annie with her financial problem while Annie will help Amy in her studies. Then, both of them did well in their studies and managed to get a good job. They worked in the same place and became a good colleague. There was once Amy confessed to Annie that she had a feeling towards one of their colleagues. That person was Daniel, the most handsome guy in their office. She told everything about how he admired Daniel and loves him a lot. However, she did not know that actually, Annie also had a feeling towards Daniel. We will write a custom essay sample on Informal Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She never told Amy that they actually fell in love with the same guy as she afraid that Amy will get mad with her. Therefore, she just kept it herself and pretended to be happy for Amy. One day, Amy saw Daniel was talking to Annie and they seemed so friendly. They talked for quite a time and never noticed that Amy was around. Amy was so jealous and felt betrayed by her own best friend. From that moment, she was so cold with Annie and tried to avoid her most of the time. On the same time, Annie felt so sad and so confused with Amy’s attitude. She would like to confront her but she had no chance as Amy always avoid her. A week later, Annie went to Amy’s house and confronted her. She asked if she had done something that hurt Amy’s feeling and apologized for everything that she had done. After quite a long silence, Amy started to tell everything. She was so mad and accused Annie as a betrayer. In fact, she said that she really hate her and did not want to see her face again. At the end of the conversation, she told Annie that after this, she has no more friends that named Annie in her life. Annie was hurt badly with Amy’s word and she cried her heart out. She ran out from Amy’s house and got her car. She drove as fast as she could and cried all the way. On the way back to her house, she speed her car until she lost control of it. Unfortunately, there was a lorry that was coming from the opposite road and the driver was not ready to stop his car. Therefore, the lorry hit Annie’s car and exploded. The people near them tried to help and got Annie out of her car as the driver had passed away. While they were waiting for the ambulance, one of the people had found Amy’s business card in Annie’s handbag and called her up to inform her about the accident. Amy was so shocked and came to the location after he picked up the call. Amy blamed herself for everything that had happened to Annie. She felt so guilty and get Annie to her arm as she reached the location. She apologized to Annie and admitted that she was a bad friend. On Annie’s last breath, she told Amy that Daniel actually fall in love with her. He talked with her that day just to ask about Amy. She also told that actually she also had the same feeling towards Daniel but she just kept it in her as she knew about Amy’s feeling towards Daniel. Lastly, she told Amy that she loves her so much and thanked her for being her best friend. After that, she closed her eyes and Amy knew that those eyes will not be opened anymore after this. She cried badly as she was so regretted about what she had done to her own best friend. After the accident, Amy seemed very depressed as she cannot accept the fact that Annie had passed away and became insane. At the end, she was placed in the mental asylum and did not show any response towards the therapy that she had went through in the hospital. Thus, the specialist doctor had clarified that Amy will not recover for the rest of her life.

The Need for Tourism Policy and Planning in UK and Some Other Countries

Introduction Cultural heritage and the achievements of the ancestors of a country are considered to be one of the most influential factors of the tourism industry development. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for Tourism Policy and Planning in UK and Some Other Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For a long period of time, the tourism industry is regarded as a considerable part of business life in UK. Taking into consideration the idea that many various factors and people are involved in the sphere of tourism, it is not very easy to provide this particular industry with a clear definition and comprehend how the development of tourism policy and planning processes may be organized. In this paper, the evaluation of tourism policy and planning will be offered to define what achievements have been made during the last several years, what priorities have been identified, and what factors may influence the development of the chosen industry. Political and even environmental instability dictate their own rules which have to be followed by the representatives of the tourism industry. A number of cultural and social aspects may also predetermine the developments of tourists’ activities. And finally, economic challenges deprive the tourism industry of the possibilities to develop to its full extent. This paper will present several strong evidences in order to prove the need for tourism planning in any destination. Tourism policies and planning are considered to be crucial points in the development of the industry due to the possibilities to evaluate the situation, to forecast possible troubles, to identify tourism destinations, and to respond a number of calamities which have natural roots or depend on human activities. Evaluation of Tourism in UK, Its Policy, and Planning Processes The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is one of the richest countries in th e whole world with its traditions, people, abilities, potentials, and resources. In spite of the fact that some misunderstandings with different countries like the United States of America, France, and Germany, took place, the country realized that the necessity of cultural integration and a kind of exchange of the experience. This is why the British government supported the idea to develop the industry of tourism as â€Å"the processes, activities, and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting the visitors† (Goeldner Ritchie 2006, p.5).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To succeed in the defined activities, it is very important to choose an appropriate policy that could look at special political proce sses and public support in order to meet the demands of the government and a number of public interests. Only in this case, tourism policy will be identified as a â€Å"vehicle for a government to direct and stimulate the tourism industry† (Edgell et al. 2008, p. 13). In fact, some researchers admit that such terms as tourism policy and tourism planning may be interchangeable due to the fact that both of them are based on the political factors which promote successful decision-making processes and the evaluation of the possible outcomes. For example, Harry Clark (2001) admits that UK tourism policy is based on the two questions posed: â€Å"When do markets fail and when is government intervention called for?† (p. 408). This is why tourism should be regarded as the industry the success of which is crucial for the country as it is considered to be the main source of â€Å"income for many groups† of people (Welford Ytterhus 2004, p. 410). Urgency of Tourism Poli cy and Planning in Regard to the Conditions People Have to Live Under The process of tourism development plays a very important role in the sphere of business. The way of how people are able to organize their tourism activities define the way of how the country may develop the relations with other countries. The representatives of UK government try to take as many effective steps as possible to evaluate the situation and introduce some appropriate ideas and support. Gilmore et al. (2008) underline the fact that the sphere of tourism is properly established in Europe, still, some countries require more financial support as they are â€Å"only now emerging as modern tourist destinations† (113), and one of these countries is Northern Ireland. This country is regarded to be a considerable part of the UK; this is why it is necessary to evaluate the factors which may predetermine tourism development and the effectiveness of tourism policy and planning. There are several factors wh ich may influence this kind of development: economic, technological, socio-cultural, and environmental. To understand the need for tourism policy in regard to a particular destination, the United Kingdom, it is better to evaluate the factors and define how urgent this policy and planning processes may be. It does not actually matter what kind of tourism is supported by the country (whether it is eco-tourism, heritage tourism, or some kind of adventure tourism), the importance of the factors is observed. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for Tourism Policy and Planning in UK and Some Other Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In case the UK government takes into consideration all the factors from social to environmental perspectives and apply them during the tourism planning process, the vast majority of goals can be met. The most integral goals in tourism are: promotion of visitors’ satisfac tion, appropriate use of sustainable resources, abilities to respond market failures, and in-time integration of tourism into the particular community. The idea of tourism planning may be approached in a variety of ways, and in this paper, the attention to economic, social, cultural, environmental, and technological benefits is paid to promote appropriate development of society. The economic approach helps to comprehend that tourism has to be equal to the rest of industries because this sphere promotes the development of job places, increase of revenue, and improvements of regional items. And government, as an integral part of policy-making process should be able to perform the functions of a successful coordinator, planner, and legal regulator. Now, evaluation of factors which determine the necessity of tourism planning will be developed. The Influence of Environmental Factors on Tourism Policy And Planning It is universally known that the Planet is in danger because of the natura l pollution. All the countries of the world try to protect the environment and to support different policies directed at the problem. The environmental factor influences the tourism policy and planning greatly. The protection and conservation of the nature is one of the main objectives of the tourism industry as it is one of the main reasons for tourism development. While planning tourism objects and developing new sights for tourists in the United Kingdom, the government should pay attention to the condition of the environment in those regions. One of the main reason people want to travel is to have a rest and enjoy the nature. The view with landfills is not going to attract those. Thus, to spend money and afford on the environment protection on the state of tourism planning, the government of the UK will be able to get more profit in the future. At the same time the environment protection section in the tourism policy may create a number of difficulties which may become a real ha zard for people. Thus, there are some jobs which may contradict to the tourism policy in the question of the environment protection. In this case, the UK government should understand what they need more, the creation of the workplaces or the environment protection necessary for the increase of the tourism potential of the country (Dodds Butler 2010, p. 42). For example, while creating a tourism policy, the â€Å"integration into public and private sector development, policies plans and programs† should be provided (Dodds Butler 2010, p. 38). One of the examples of such policies is the local environmental plans. The tourism should be related to those policies as it may be helpful while planning new places of recreation. Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the local environmental plans and tourism policy plans may be directed at one and t same region that may increase the productivity of the results and nature conservation in that region. The Influence of Technological Factors on Tourism Policy And Planning The technological innovations have already affected all parts of human life. Tourism is not an exception. The influence of different innovations in t technological sphere is great. Thus, according to the research conducted by Formica Kothari (2008) â€Å"innovation and advancement of technology† impact the increase of â€Å"digital divide for consumers and businesses† and the growth of â€Å"hardware and software expenditures† (p. 363). The work is provided from home what increases the productivity and customer service quality, the products and services become more personalized, and â€Å"leisure behavior more dependent on technology† (Formica Kothari 2008, p. 363). Us, the customers and the tourism policy makers state only on the positive features which became available with the appearance of the innovative technologies. Moreover, there is an opportunity to be at the place of destination within several hours that was impossible several years ago. Planning tourism industry, the United Kingdom may be sure that people should not spend days or even weeks on the voyage to its coasts. The convenience and time saving are the main facilities which should be considered while planning the tourism in the UK. The location of t country on the island does not make it less available for people in other countries. This should be remembered while planning tourism. Economic Facts and It Connection with Tourism Planning and Tourism Each economy is striving to augment incomes and employment rates and tourism is one of evident sources for promoting this sphere. Strong economic infrastructure, diligent level for employment, and government revenues serve as a solid underpinning for developi ng tourism. In its turn, properly-defined tourism policies and planning can greatly contribute to the growth of economy. It can raise the employment rates, increase the governmental budget, and strengthen other sectors of economy making them more sustainable and mature. More importantly, the need for tourism policy and planning offers many other great benefits. It should also be stressed that economic growth and tourism are closely intertwined with regard to global trends, interest rates and exchange rates. In this regard, tourism is considered to be as linking chain to the international market allowing the government to keep pace with recent shifts in the world economy. The problem is that public authorities fail to recognize tourism as one of the chief economic stimulator. In this regard, UK government should realize an urgent need for tourism planning and development because â€Å"tourism taxes will be used to fund education and other unrelated services that rely heavily on pu blic financial support† (Formica and Kothari 2009, p. 360). A new course of tourism planning, thus, can lead to a considerable improvement of other sectors, such as education, marketing, commerce at domestic and international level. Moreover, it will expand and strengthen international cooperation and involve foreign businesses to the countries. Impact of Tourism on Socio-Cultural Environment The fact that tourism affects social and cultural dimensions of development is undeniable because this sphere is closely connected with cross-cultural communication between nations and communities. Along with planning and expanding tourism sector, the country provides much space for community advancement and international communication. What is more important is that a favourable socio-cultural environment can fulfil cultural diversity gaps and present the peculiarities of local culture in its full extent. Tourism policies and planning is also predetermined by the necessity to enhance an d protect of local cultural amenities and introduce regulations that would â€Å"protect local cultures and natural areas, as well as provide economic incentives to local communities to act in an ecologically responsive manner† (Formica and Kothari 2009, p.). In addition to this, intensive development of tourism in the UK will advance the sphere of education and will provide more recreational opportunities for people. Taking a course on consistent development of tourism policy and planning is a brilliant opportunity to introduce the world with rich history, culture, and traditions of the country. In this regard, the government should provide diligent funding of museums and other non-profit organizations that support the development and preservation of cultural heritage. Conclusion In general, the development of tourism industry is considered to be an integral part of society’s life. People are in need of fast-developing activities which may bring a lot of benefits. Thi s is why the process of tourism policy and planning cannot be stopped. It is similar to decisions which are made by different people: they cannot stop making them, still, they have a variety of opportunities to approve and implement them accordingly. Tourism development depends considerably on a number of social, environmental, technological, and cultural concerns. To avoid various barriers and failures, it is better to evaluate the factors and their possible outcomes and consider the effectiveness of the plan provided. Taking into account the evaluations offered in this paper, it is possible to conclude that the need of tourism policies and planning is evident. There are a number of countries which demonstrate how this process may be developed: success of American or Mexican tourism should encourage the representatives from other countries be similar or, at least, try to be such. Under the conditions people have to develop tourism business, it is possible to find various improvem ents and ideas on how to succeed in tourism policy and introduce successful planning processes. Implementation of the policies should certain help to achieve high tourism goals and impress the tourists with high quality services. Reference List Clark, H 2001, ‘The Economics of Tourism’, Economics Record, vol. 77, no. 239, p. 407. Dodds, R, Butler, R 2010, ‘Barriers to Implementing Sustainable Tourism Policy in Mass Tourism Destinations’, Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, vol. 5, no.1, pp. 35-53. Edgell, DL, Allen, MD, Smith, G, Swanson, J 2008, Tourism Policy and Planning: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Elsevier, Burlington. Formica, S, Kothari, TH 2008, ‘Strategic Destination Planning: Analyzing the Future of Tourism’, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 46, pp. 355-367. Gilmore, A, Carson, D, Ascencao, M, Fawcett, L 2008, ‘Managing ‘Balance’ in a Tourism Context’, Irish Journal of Man agement, vol. 29, no.1, p. 113. Goeldner, CR Ritchie, RB 2006, Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. John Wiley Sons, Hoboken. Ytterhus, B 2004, ‘Sustainable Development and Tourism Destination Management: A Case Study of the Lillehammer Region, Norway’, International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 410. This essay on The Need for Tourism Policy and Planning in UK and Some Other Countries was written and submitted by user Valerie Mcfarland to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

L 1 9 - Presentation Skills ( 2 ) Essays - Visual Arts, Free Essays

L 1 9 - Presentation Skills ( 2 ) Essays - Visual Arts, Free Essays L 1 9 - Presentation Skills ( 2 ) The Question and Answer Session The audience may show their interest in your presentation by asking questions, seeking clarification, or commenting on the content. You should welcome questions and always be polite to the questioner. 1397014795500 Why is the Q and A session important? Watch the video clip "Q and A". Task 1 - Challenges from the audience 399605518859500 558673028321000 Complete exercises 6.4 - 6.6 on pages 104-105 of your textbook. [CD Track 24] Task 2 - Asking for and giving more information Complete exercises 7.1 - 7.2 on page 131 of your textbook. [CD Track 32] If an audience member asks you a question but you can't hear him very well, ask him to repeat the question . F or example: I'm sorry, could you say that again? Could you repeat the question please? I'm afraid I didn't quite catch that. If you are not sure exactly what the question means, you might want to check that you have interpreted it correctly . F or example: Am I correct in thinking that? Do you mean? Are you saying that? Does this mean that? If you really don't know the answer to a question, you could politely thank the questioner and say: Thank you for your question. I'm not exactly sure about that. I'll try to find out and let you know later. Visual Aids Many speakers in presentations present words and images visually using PowerPoint, overhead transparencies (OHT), a whiteboard or blackboard, or a flip chart. These v isual aids are intended to enhance your presentation and to help your audience understand it more clearly. The best presentations are generally those where the presenters address the audience directly without reading from a prepared script . Visual aids help you to achieve this by becoming your prompts, reminding you briefly of the main points you want to make during your talk, and by helping your audience to follow what you are saying. PowerPoint Presentations PowerPoint is becoming the norm at many professional presentations because of its ease of use and the variety of functions it offers. In your presentation, you are strongly encouraged to use PowerPoint slides to illustrate your ideas. These slides should support, but not take over, your presentation . They can provide a change of focus for the audience, but should not distract their attention, so it is important that the aids be relevant and complementary. 4351077-1524000 Your PowerPoint slides should: have a clear layout with plenty of space; use large plain fonts (minimum 20 points); be in note form but n ot in paragraphs ; contain accurate English with no spelling mistakes; use clearly visible colours for contrast. For academic presentations, it is best not to add irritating sounds or too many transition effects which detract from what you are saying. Cartoon-style clip art can appear rather frivolous when presenting serious data. Animated figures, while appropriate in other settings, can send confusing signals to an academic audience. Avoid the temptation to put all your script on to slides. Too many slides can be distracting to your audience and can lead to disaster if they become mixed up. Try to limit the number of slides to one or two for every minute of talking. 532014515528600 Task 3 Your Lecturer is going to show you 4 examples of PowerPoint p resentations . In groups, w atch the presentations and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each of them . Be prepared to report back to the class. PowerPoint 1 PowerPoint 2 PowerPoint 3 PowerPoint 4 Task 4 Watch the youtube video entitled " Don McMillan: Life After Death by PowerPoint " (4m24s) and arrange the following mistakes in the order as mentioned by the speaker in the video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpvgfmEU2Ck F Most common PowerPoint mistakes 42386251778000 A. clashing background and font colors B. using the default font casually C. overusing bullet points D. forgetting to run spell check E. too many animation effects F. too many slides G. too much data in slides H. putting every word you say on the slide I. using irritating sound effects J. forgetting to cite the sources 44177532921000 Task 5 - Preparing slides for presentations Complete exercise 7.1

Journal Article Annotation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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