Bishops in the Medieval Christian Church

In the Christian  Church of the Middle Ages, a bishop was the chief pastor of a diocese; that is, an area containing more than one congregation. The bishop was an ordained priest who served as pastor of one congregation and oversaw the administration of any others in his district.   Any church that served as the primary office of a bishop was considered his seat, or cathedra, and was therefore known as a cathedral. The office or rank of a bishop is known as a bishopric. Origins of the term Bishop The word Bishop derives from the Greek epà ­skopos (á ¼ Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯ÃÆ'ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š), which meant an overseer, curator or guardian.   The Duties Like any priest, a bishop baptized, performed weddings, gave last rites, settled disputes, and heard confession and absolved. In addition, bishops controlled church finances, ordained priests, assigned clergy to their posts, and dealt with any number of matters pertaining to Church business.   Types of Bishops in Medieval Times An archbishop was a bishop who oversaw several dioceses besides his own. The term metropolitan has sometimes been used for the archbishop of a city.The Pope is the bishop of Rome. The holder of this see was considered the successor to St. Peter, and the office grew in prestige and influence over the first few centuries of the Middle Ages. Before the end of the fifth century, the office was established as the foremost authority in the western Christian Church, and the  bishop of Rome  became known as the father, or papa, or pope.Patriarchs were bishops of particularly important sees in the eastern churches (which, after the Great Schism of 1054, would eventually become known as the Eastern Orthodox Church). This included the apostolic sees -- those believed to have been founded by Apostles: Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and JerusalemCardinal-bishops (now known simply as cardinals) were a privileged class as far back as the 8th century, and only those bishops who had receive d the red hat (a mark of a cardinal) could elect the pope or become pope. Secular Influence as Well as Spiritual Power Some Christian churches, including the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox, maintain that bishops are the successors of the Apostles; this is known as apostolic succession. As the Middle Ages unfolded, bishops often held secular influence as well as spiritual power thanks in part to this perception of inherited authority.   A Three-Fold Ministry by the Second Century Just exactly when bishops attained a separate identity from presbyters (elders) is unclear, but by the second century C.E, the early Christian Church had evidently established a three-fold ministry of deacons, priests, and bishops. Once the emperor Constantine professed Christianity and began to help followers of the religion, bishops grew in prestige, particularly if the city that constituted their diocese was populous and had a notable number of Christians.   Filling the Void After Collapse of the Roman Empire In the years following the collapse of the western Roman Empire (officially, in 476 C.E.), bishops often stepped in to fill the void secular leaders left behind in unstable areas and depleted cities. While theoretically church officials were supposed to limit their influence to spiritual matters, by answering the needs of society these fifth-century bishops set a precedent, and the lines between church and state would be fairly blurry throughout the rest of the medieval era. The Investiture Controversy Another development that arose out of the uncertainties of early medieval society was the proper selection and investment of clerics, especially bishops and archbishops. Because various dioceses were flung far across Christendom, and the pope was not always easily accessible, it became a fairly common practice for local secular leaders to appoint clerics to replace those who had died (or, rarely, left their offices). But by the late 11th century, the papacy found the influence this gave secular leaders in church matters opprobrious and attempted to ban it. Thus began the Investiture Controversy, a struggle lasting 45 years that, when resolved in favor of the Church, strengthened the papacy at the expense of local monarchies and gave bishops freedom from secular political authorities. The Protestant Reformation When the Protestant churches split from Rome in the Reformation  of the 16th century,  the office of the bishop was rejected by some reformers. This was due in part to the lack of any basis for the office in the New Testament, and in part to the corruption that high clerical offices had been associated with over the preceding few hundred years. Most Protestant churches today have no bishops, although some Lutheran churches in Germany, Scandinavia and the U.S. do, and the Anglican church (which after the break initiated by Henry VIII retained many aspects of Catholicism) also has bishops. Sources and Suggested Reading Eusebius. The History of the Church: From Christ to Constantine. Edited and with an introduction by Andrew Louth; translated by G. A. Williamson, Penguin Classics. John D. Zizioulas. Eucharist, Bishop, Church: The Unity of the Church in the Divine Eucharist and the Bishop During the First Three Centuries.

Essay about The Amazing Growth of Youth Sports - 2419 Words

â€Å"On your toes,† Ole yelled, at all his teammates. Ole is my ten year old son, who has been playing soccer since he was in first grade. He plays two seasons a year and we are on our tenth season. Ole has started showing leadership with his teammates this season. Oles team shows him respect, he is a very strong player that has always has his teammates backs. No matter how tired he is, he is right there to help his teammates out. When Ole started playing soccer I would have never dreamed of him taking this path. Our family was never into sports, this just fell into our laps while raising our children. Since my eyes have been opened to youth sports, I have seen my son grow with soccer. His growth is incredible every soccer season,†¦show more content†¦Wiersma and Angela M. Fifer, covers how much parents need to dedicate their time and money into supporting their children in these sports. This was a study of 55 parents that were interviewed on what the benef its and downfalls of sports were for them. Some of the downfalls can be expenses, balancing between fun and competition, injuries, and balancing a home life with the commitment of sports. Just some of the benefits in this article that were brought up were: life skills that athletes learn that will prepare them for life, affiliation with their teammates that shows them how working with people will make you a stronger individual, self-concept, and the many memories that an athlete gets with their family. Our family can spend a total of 5-10 hours a week (per kid) on practice and games. Time and money is not the only thing a parent needs to dedicate to their childs sport. They have to dedicate themselves to the emotional support that their childs team needs. It is hard to watch my son walk across the field with his head down after a loss. I have had to teach my son that as long as he gives his team 100% there is no reason for his head to hang. Losing is a part of the game, jus t as much as winning is. We have had our seasons where we had no losses and then we have had our seasons where we have no wins. This isShow MoreRelatedYouth Readiness Of Youth Sports1183 Words   |  5 PagesYouth Readiness in Youth Sports Many of the ideals attached to the picturesque image of the nuclear family have evolved considerably over time but with one exception, youth sports. Youth sports is a staple in nearly every American’s childhood as highlighted in â€Å"Children Need to Play, Not Compete† by Jessica Statsky. Statsky makes two contentions in favor of this argument. 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Strategic Leadership and Decision

Strategic Leadership and Decision-Making: Ethics and Values Essay A SEMINAR PRESENTATION BY UKAOBI JESSICA CHINYERE TOPIC: STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND DECISION-MAKING: ETHICS AND VALUES APRIL, 2010 INTRODUCTION Values and ethics are central to any organization. What exactly do we mean by values and ethics? Both are extremely broad terms, and we need to focus in on the aspects most relevant for strategic leaders and decision makers. What we will first discuss is the distinctive nature of ethics; second, we will take a look at work ethics; third we will look into strategic leadership and decision making; fourth we take a closer look into the positive and negative leadership climates and how they influence work ethics; fifth we will see the essence of participative management on ethical standards in an organisation; sixth we will explore the actions strategic leaders can take to build ethical climates in their organizations; and then we will draw out some recommendations before we finally conlude. THE CHARACTER OF VALUES AND ETHICS Values are what we, as a profession, judge to be right. They are more than words-they are the moral, ethical, and professional attributes of character †¦ Values can be defined as those things that are important to or valued by someone. That someone can be an individual or, collectively, an organization. One place where values are important is in relation to vision. One of the imperatives for organizational vision is that it must be based on and consistent with the organizations core values. In one example of a vision statement well look at later, the organizations core values in this case, integrity, professionalism, caring, teamwork, and stewardship- were deemed important enough to be included with the statement of the organizations vision. When values are shared by all members of an organization, they are extraordinarily important tools for making judgments, assessing probable outcomes of contemplated actions, and choosing among alternatives. Perhaps more important, they put all members on the same sheet of music with regard to what all members as a body consider important. Values are the embodiment of what an organization stands for, and should be the basis for the behavior of its members. However, what if members of the organization do not share and have not internalized the organizations values? Obviously, a disconnect between individual and organizational values will be dysfunctional. Additionally, an organization may publish one set of values, perhaps in an effort to push forward a positive image, while the values that really guide organizational behavior are very different. When there is a disconnect between stated and operating values, it may be difficult to determine what is acceptable. For example, two of the Armys organizational values include candor and courage. One might infer that officers are encouraged to have the courage of their convictions and speak their disagreements openly. In some cases, this does work; in others it does not. The same thing works at the level of the society. The principles by which the society functions do not nece ssarily conform to the principles stated. Those in power may covertly allow the use of force to suppress debate in order to remain in power. (Death squads are an example. In some organizations, dissent may be rewarded by termination-the organizational equivalent of death squad action. In others, a group member may be ostracized or expelled. Group members quickly learn the operating values, or they dont survive for long. To the extent they differ from stated values, the organization will not only suffer from doing things less effectively, but also from the cynicism of its members, who have yet another reason for mistrusting the leadership, or doubting its wisdom. VALUES PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR JUDGMENTS ABOUT WHAT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE ORGANIZATION TO SUCCEED IN ITS CORE BUSINESS. TO BEHAVE ETHICALLY IS TO BEHAVE IN A MANNER THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH WHAT IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO BE RIGHT OR MORAL. ETHICAL BEHAVIOR IS THE BEDROCK OF MUTUAL TRUST. So how do values relate to ethics, and what do we mean by ethics? One of the keys is in the phrase we quoted above from the DA pamphlet: Values are what we, as a profession, judge to be right. Individually or organizationally, values determine what is right and what is wrong, and doing what is right or wrong is what we mean by ethics. To behave ethically is to behave in a manner consistent with what is right or moral. What does generally considered to be right mean? That is a critical question, and part of the difficulty in deciding whether or not behavior is ethical is in determining what is right or wrong. Perhaps the first place to look in determining what is right or wrong is society. Virtually every society makes some determination of morally correct behavior. Societies not only regulate the behavior of their members, but also define their societal core values. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness represent core American values. Experience often has led societies to develop beliefs about what is of value for the common good. (Note that societies differ from one another in the specifics, but not in the general principles. ) One example is the notion of reciprocity. (One good deed deserves another. ) Another is the notion of good intent. (A gentlemans word is his bond. ) Yet, a third is the notion of appreciation of merit in others regardless of personal feelings. (Give the Devil his due. ) WORK ETHICS Work ethics is a crucial factor for the motivation of workers in an organisation. It can be defined as a set of values, norms and attitudes, or standards of behaviour, which guide the workers organisational behaviour. In the same perspective, Denga (1986) defines work ethics as â€Å"ethical standards which guide the performance of group members, governs their preparation or training, and serves as legal or constitutional and ethical control. † But Iwu (1995) defined work ethics as â€Å"behavioural code of conduct which involves both the desirable and undesirable activities of workers in various occupations and associations. This definition shows that work ethics could be positive or negative. While negative work ethics which produces such behaviours as lateness to work, abandonment of duty, insubordination, truancy, disloyalty, indiscipline, absenteeism, non-conmmitment, etc is dysfunctional to organisational effectiveness. Positive work ethics which produces such lofty manifestations as punctuality, hard work, dedication to duty, selfless service, loyal ty, regularity in attendance to work, discipline, cooperation, and so on, is an indispensable condition to high roductivity. Work ethics takes its roots, and indeed is conditioned by, the culture of the society in which the work organisation is situated. Generally, a well established work group or organisation establishes a standard code of conduct suited for the organisation which is designed to guide the organisational behaviour of workers and also serve as a source of unity within the organisation. Positive work ethics serves as a source of motivation, fosters hard work and aims at high productivity which ultimately results in national developoment. Forensic Science: Proper Crime Scene Techniques. EssayThe pattern of top leaders behavior determines organizational values. This means that a leader must lead by example. A second step is to make explicit ethics policies. Ethical codes are one common example. The next step is to increase awareness of how to apply those ethical codes. Training on how to deal with situations with an ethical dimension, and how to anticipate situations that involve ethical choices, can go a long way toward ethical institutional practices. Another step to increase the salience of ethics is to expand the information system to focus on areas where ethics may come into play. Knowing what actually is going on in the organization is essential to understanding the ethical principles which govern behavior. The information system should also support ethical behavior, and allow the strategic leader to know when or where there are potential ethical breaches so that corrective action can be taken. The real danger is that when unethical behavior is unnoticed, or not punished, members will assume it is condoned by the organizations leadership. A strategic leader cannot overlook the importance of communication. Communication is a high priority. Chester Barnard, in the 1930s called attention to the fact â€Å"a common purpose must be commonly known, and to be known must in some way be communicated. With some exceptions, verbal communication between men is the method by which this is accomplished† In the 1950s, Herbert Simon, an authority in administration placed even greater emphasis in the role of communication in strategic leadership. This is what he said,†It is obvious that without communication, there can be no organisation, for there is no possibility of the group influencing the behaviour of the individual†. He concluded by saying that â€Å"only in the case where the man who is to carry out the decision is also the best man fitted to make the decision is there no problem of communication – and in this exceptional case there is, of course, no reason for organisation†. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Salaries, wages and allowances should be fixed at a level where they would be adequate enough to always motivate the workers so that the workers would always release their full energies for efficient performance of their duties. 2. The social climate of the organisation in which the workers operate should be pervaded by democratic leadership style where the dignity of the human personality is recognised. The leadership, at all levels of the organisation, should in theory and pracice perceive himself as a member of the work group rather than one who is outside the group issuing commands and orders which should be obeyed without question. Democratic leadership style should be accompanied with clinical approach to supervision, free flow of communication with emphasis on upwards communication, and participative mangement. The workers should be fully involved in the decision making process within the organisation in which they work. 3. The organisational management should establish a culture of encouraging initiative and properly recognising and rewarding special talents. Officials should be given free hand to demonstrate their competence, take bold initiative and introduce innovation. As a measure for reward of special talents and outstanding performance, organisations should establish Annual Merit Award system for rewarding, on regular annual basis, special talents and outsatnading performance recorded in a year. 4. The management of an organisation should establish viable and efficient mechanisms for inducing cooperation and positive discipline. 5. Delegation of duties is an important factor for enhancing the work ethics and tapping fully the special knowledge, skills and talents of all employees for the realisation of organisation goals. Non delegation frustrates highly talented and well experienced employees. 6. Pensions and gratuities should be paid promptly to show the serving employees that the organisation recognises services rendered by employees and they would be so treated at their own retirements. . As a follow up to the last previous recommendation, a strategic leader should have a functional reward system that will serve as a motivational tool to encourage his/her employees to behave in a particular way. This also means that there should also be penalties for any dissent behaviour that is contrary to the organisation’s ethics. For instance to encourage workers to be punctual, a leader could give monthly monetary incentives for employees that came to work before the resumption time through out the month. There could also be penalties for habitual late comers; like a slash from their salaries if they reported to work for a consecutive number of times. This will serve as a deterrent measure. However, it behoves the leader to enshrine this decision into the policies of the organisation without any shadow of ambiguity. CONCLUSION Establishing moral principles means determining the core values which should guide the organization. OBrien suggests four for consideration: localness, merit, openness, and leanness. By localness, he means adopting a philosophy of pushing power down to the lowest level possible, and encouraging initiative and autonomy. By merit, he means directing actions toward the overall goals of the organization, and what is best for all. By openness, he means being forthright and honest in all dealings. And by leanness, he means efficient use of resources and economies when possible. ULTIMATELY, THE QUEST FOR ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFORMATION MUST BEGIN WITH A PERSONAL COMMITMENT WITHIN EACH INDIVIDUAL TO PURSUE MORAL EXCELLENCE. OBRIEN Encouraging leaders to pursue their own moral development is critical at higher levels because strategic leaders set the moral climate for the organization. OBrien believes that moral development is even more important than professional development. Creating a culture based on moral excellence requires a commitment among managers to embody and develop two qualities in their leadership: virtue and wisdom. However, creating an organization characterized by moral excellence is a lengthy process. It involves changing organizational culture. REFERENCES Barnard, C. I. (1968). The Functions of the Executive, Cambridghe MA: Harvard University Press Denga, D. I. (1986), Guidance and Counselling in Schools and Non-School, Setting, Calabar, Centanir Press Iwu, I. I. (1995), Work Ethics and Productivity in Nigeria: Implications for National Development, Owerri, Ark Publishers McGregor, D. (1966). Leadership and Motivation Cambridge, M. A: MIT Press Nwachukwu, C. B (1999), Contemporary Public Administration, Owerri, Management Information System Unit Ogunna, A. E. C. (1999), Public Administration in Nigeria: Theory and Practice, Umuahia, Great Versatile Publishers Ltd. Simon, H. A. (1957). Administrative Behaviour, N. Y. : Free Press Smith, M. R (1973). I Hate To See A Manager Cry. Reading, M. A: Addison Wesley

Informal Letter free essay sample

They know each other since they were a child. They were always together in everything they did. Actually, Amy comes from a rich family but she is quite weak in her studies. Meanwhile Annie is from a poor family but really good in her studies. Therefore, they always help each other for instance Amy will help Annie with her financial problem while Annie will help Amy in her studies. Then, both of them did well in their studies and managed to get a good job. They worked in the same place and became a good colleague. There was once Amy confessed to Annie that she had a feeling towards one of their colleagues. That person was Daniel, the most handsome guy in their office. She told everything about how he admired Daniel and loves him a lot. However, she did not know that actually, Annie also had a feeling towards Daniel. We will write a custom essay sample on Informal Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She never told Amy that they actually fell in love with the same guy as she afraid that Amy will get mad with her. Therefore, she just kept it herself and pretended to be happy for Amy. One day, Amy saw Daniel was talking to Annie and they seemed so friendly. They talked for quite a time and never noticed that Amy was around. Amy was so jealous and felt betrayed by her own best friend. From that moment, she was so cold with Annie and tried to avoid her most of the time. On the same time, Annie felt so sad and so confused with Amy’s attitude. She would like to confront her but she had no chance as Amy always avoid her. A week later, Annie went to Amy’s house and confronted her. She asked if she had done something that hurt Amy’s feeling and apologized for everything that she had done. After quite a long silence, Amy started to tell everything. She was so mad and accused Annie as a betrayer. In fact, she said that she really hate her and did not want to see her face again. At the end of the conversation, she told Annie that after this, she has no more friends that named Annie in her life. Annie was hurt badly with Amy’s word and she cried her heart out. She ran out from Amy’s house and got her car. She drove as fast as she could and cried all the way. On the way back to her house, she speed her car until she lost control of it. Unfortunately, there was a lorry that was coming from the opposite road and the driver was not ready to stop his car. Therefore, the lorry hit Annie’s car and exploded. The people near them tried to help and got Annie out of her car as the driver had passed away. While they were waiting for the ambulance, one of the people had found Amy’s business card in Annie’s handbag and called her up to inform her about the accident. Amy was so shocked and came to the location after he picked up the call. Amy blamed herself for everything that had happened to Annie. She felt so guilty and get Annie to her arm as she reached the location. She apologized to Annie and admitted that she was a bad friend. On Annie’s last breath, she told Amy that Daniel actually fall in love with her. He talked with her that day just to ask about Amy. She also told that actually she also had the same feeling towards Daniel but she just kept it in her as she knew about Amy’s feeling towards Daniel. Lastly, she told Amy that she loves her so much and thanked her for being her best friend. After that, she closed her eyes and Amy knew that those eyes will not be opened anymore after this. She cried badly as she was so regretted about what she had done to her own best friend. After the accident, Amy seemed very depressed as she cannot accept the fact that Annie had passed away and became insane. At the end, she was placed in the mental asylum and did not show any response towards the therapy that she had went through in the hospital. Thus, the specialist doctor had clarified that Amy will not recover for the rest of her life.